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Criminal Law

CRPC And Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 – Comprehensive Guide

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023: An In-Depth Analysis

Part A: Highlights of the Bill

Context:

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS2) is proposed as a replacement for the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC). The CrPC, designed to administer the Indian Penal Code, has undergone revisions and interpretations by the Supreme Court over the years. The BNSS2, introduced to address the evolving needs of the criminal justice system, presents several key features and changes.

Key Features:

1. Forensic Mandate:

   – BNSS2 mandates forensic investigation for offenses punishable with seven years of imprisonment or more. Forensic experts are to visit crime scenes, collect evidence, and document the process.

2. Electronic Trials:

   – All trials, inquiries, and proceedings may be conducted in electronic mode, emphasizing the modernization of legal processes.

3. Proclaimed Offenders:

   – In cases where a proclaimed offender evades trial with no immediate prospect of arrest, the trial can proceed, and judgment can be pronounced in their absence.

4. Collection of Samples:

   – Alongside specimen signatures or handwriting, BNSS2 allows the collection of finger impressions and voice samples for investigation or proceedings, even from individuals not under arrest.

Key Issues and Analysis:

1. Police Custody Duration:

   – BNSS2 allows up to 15 days of police custody during the initial 40 or 60 days of the 60 or 90 days period of judicial custody. This may lead to a denial of bail for the entire period if the police custody is not fully utilized.

2. Property Attachment without Safeguards:

   – Power to attach property from proceeds of crime lacks safeguards present in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, raising concerns about potential misuse.

3. Limitations on Bail:

   – Unlike the CrPC, BNSS2 denies bail for anyone facing multiple charges, potentially limiting the scope of mandatory bail.

4. Handcuff Usage:

   – The use of handcuffs, even in cases of organized crime, contradicts Supreme Court directions and raises questions about potential violations of personal liberties.

5. Retained Provisions from CrPC:

   – Maintenance of public order, a function distinct from trial procedure, is retained in BNSS2, raising questions about whether such functions should be regulated under the same law.

6. Lack of Incorporation of Committee Recommendations:

   – Recommendations from high-level committees on changes to the CrPC, including reforms in sentencing guidelines and rights of the accused, have not been incorporated into BNSS2.

Part B: Key Issues and Analysis

1. Expanded Police Powers:

   – Amendments in BNSS2 may expand police powers, potentially leading to issues such as excessive use of force and illegal detentions.

2. Changes in Police Custody Procedure:

   – Modification of police custody procedures in BNSS2, allowing custody in parts during the initial period, may impact the overall detention period and raise concerns about misuse.

3. Handcuff Usage Concerns:

   – The provision for handcuff usage, especially in cases not aligned with Supreme Court guidelines, may infringe on the accused’s personal liberty.

4. Limitation on Mandatory Bail:

   – Limiting mandatory bail for individuals facing multiple charges may result in prolonged detention, impacting the principle that bail is the rule, and incarceration is the exception.

5. Impact on Plea Bargaining:

   – Introduction of a time limit for filing plea bargaining applications in BNSS2 may limit the effectiveness of plea bargaining in reducing sentences.

6. Prison Congestion:

   – Restrictions on bail and plea bargaining could hinder efforts to decongest prisons, where a significant percentage comprises under-trial prisoners.

7. Property Attachment Safeguards:

   – BNSS2 lacks certain safeguards available under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act concerning the attachment of property, potentially affecting the rights of the accused.

8. Overlap with Existing Laws:

   – Retention of certain procedures in BNSS2 that overlap with existing laws raises questions about the need for redundancy.

9. Data Collection Concerns:

   – The expansion of data collection provisions in BNSS2, overlapping with recent laws, raises questions about the necessity and constitutional validity of such provisions.

10. Maintenance of Public Order:

    – Retaining provisions related to the maintenance of public order in BNSS2 alongside trial procedures prompts a discussion on whether these functions should be regulated under the same law.

Conclusion:

While the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 presents several noteworthy changes aimed at modernizing criminal procedures, it also raises critical concerns regarding individual rights, police powers, and potential overlaps with existing laws. A careful examination and deliberation on these issues are crucial to ensure a balanced and effective criminal justice system.

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
Sec.HeadingClauseHeading
1Short title, extent and commencement1Short title, extent and commencement
2Definitions2Definitions
3Construction of references3Construction of references
4Trial of offences under the Indian Penal Code and other laws4Trial of offences under Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita and other laws
5Saving5Saving
6Classes of Criminal Courts6Classes of Criminal Courts.
7Territorial divisions7Territorial divisions
8Metropolitan areasDeleted
9Court of Session8Court of Session
10Subordination of Assistant Sessions JudgesDeleted
11Courts of Judicial Magistrates9Courts of Judicial Magistrates
12Chief Judicial Magistrate and Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, etc.10Chief Judicial Magistrate and Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, etc.
13Special Judicial Magistrates11Special Judicial Magistrates
14Local jurisdiction of Judicial Magistrates12Local jurisdiction of Judicial Magistrates
15Subordination of Judicial Magistrates13Subordination of Judicial Magistrates
16Courts of Metropolitan MagistratesDeleted
17Chief Metropolitan Magistrate and Additional Chief Metropolitan MagistrateDeleted
18Special Metropolitan MagistratesDeleted
19Subordination of Metropolitan MagistratesDeleted
20Executive Magistrates14Executive Magistrates
21Special Executive Magistrates15Special Executive Magistrates
22Local jurisdiction of Executive Magistrates16Local Jurisdiction of Executive Magistrates
23Subordination of Executive Magistrates17Subordination of Executive Magistrates
24Public Prosecutors18Public Prosecutors
25Assistant Public Prosecutors19Assistant Public Prosecutors
25ADirectorate of Prosecution20Directorate of Prosecution
26Courts by which offences are triable21Courts by which offences are triable
27Jurisdiction in the case of juvenilesDeleted
28Sentences which High Courts and Sessions Judges may pass22Sentences which High Courts and Sessions Judges may pass
29Sentences which Magistrates may pass23Sentences which Magistrates may pass
30Sentence of imprisonment in default of fine24Sentence of imprisonment in default of fine
31Sentence in cases of conviction of several offences at one trial25Sentence in cases of conviction of several offences at one trial
32Mode of conferring powers26Mode of conferring powers
33Powers of officers appointed27Powers of officers appointed
34Withdrawal of powers28Withdrawal of powers
35Powers of Judges and Magistrates exercisable by their successors-in-office29Powers of Judges and Magistrates exercisable by their successors-in-office
36Powers of superior officers of police30Powers of superior officers of police
37Public when to assist Magistrates and police31Public when to assist Magistrates and police
38Aid to person, other than police officer, executing warrant32Aid to person, other than police officer, executing warrant
39Public to give information of certain offences33Public to give information of certain offences
40Duty of officers employed in connection with the affairs of a village to make certain report34Duty of officers employed in connection with the affairs of a village to make certain report
41When police may arrest without warrant35When police may arrest without warrant
41ANotice of appearance before police officerIncluded in Section 35
41BProcedure of arrest and duties of officer making arrest36Procedure of arrest and duties of officer making arrest
41CControl room at districts37Designated Police Officer
41DRight of arrested person to meet an advocate of his choice during interrogation38Right of arrested person to meet an advocate of his choice during interrogation
42Arrest on refusal to give name and residence39Arrest on refusal to give name and residence
43Arrest by private person and procedure on such arrest40Arrest by private person and procedure on such arrest
44Arrest by Magistrate41Arrest by Magistrate
45Protection of members of the Armed Forces from arrest42Protection of members of the Armed Forces from arrest
46Arrest how made43Arrest how made
47Search of place entered by person sought to be arrested44Search of place entered by person sought to be arrested
48Pursuit of offenders into other jurisdictions45Pursuit of offenders into other jurisdictions
49No unnecessary restraint46No unnecessary restraint
50Person arrested to be informed of grounds of arrest and of right to bail47Person arrested to be informed of grounds of arrest and of right to bail
50AObligation of person making arrest to inform about the arrest, etc., to a nominated person48Obligation of person making arrest to inform about the arrest, etc., to relative or friend
51Search of arrested person49Search of arrested person
52Power to seize offensive weapons50Power to seize offensive weapons
53Examination of accused by medical practitioner at the request of police officer51Examination of accused by medical practitioner at the request of police officer
53AExamination of person accused of rape by medical practitioner52Examination of person accused of rape by medical practitioner
54Examination of arrested person by medical officer53Examination of arrested person by medical officer
54AIdentification of person arrested54Identification of person arrested
55Procedure when police officer deputes subordinate to arrest without warrant55Procedure when police officer deputes subordinate to arrest without warrant
55AHealth and safety of arrested person56Health and safety of arrested person
56Person arrested to be taken before Magistrate or officer in charge of police station57Person arrested to be taken before Magistrate or officer in charge of police station
57Person arrested not to be detained more than twenty-four hours58Person arrested not to be detained more than twenty-four hours
58Police to report apprehensions59Police to report apprehensions
59Discharge of person apprehended60Discharge of person apprehended
60Power, on escape, to pursue and retake61Power, on escape, to pursue and retake
60AArrest to be made strictly according to the Code62Arrest to be made strictly according to the Sanhita
61Form of summons63Form of summons
62Summons how served64Summons how served
63Service of summons on corporate bodies and societies65Service of summons on corporate bodies, firms, and societies
64Service when persons summoned cannot be found66Service when persons summoned cannot be found
65Procedure when service cannot be effected as before provided67Procedure when service cannot be effected as before provided
66Service on Government servant68Service on Government servant
67Service of summons outside local limits69Service of summons outside local limits
68Proof of service in such cases and when serving officer not present70Proof of service in such cases and when serving officer not present
69Service of summons on witness by post71Service of summons on witness by post
70Form of warrant of arrest and duration72Form of warrant of arrest and duration
71Power to direct security to be taken73Power to direct security to be taken
72Warrants to whom directed74Warrants to whom directed
73Warrant may be directed to any person75Warrant may be directed to any person
74Warrant directed to police officer76Warrant directed to police officer
75Notification of substance of warrant77Notification of substance of warrant
76Person arrested to be brought before Court without delay78Person arrested to be brought before Court without delay
77Where warrant may be executed79Where warrant may be executed
78Warrant forwarded for execution outside jurisdiction80Warrant forwarded for execution outside jurisdiction
79Warrant directed to police officer for execution outside jurisdiction81Warrant directed to police officer for execution outside jurisdiction
80Procedure on arrest of person against whom warrant issued82Procedure on arrest of person against whom warrant issued
81Procedure by Magistrate before whom such person arrested is brought83Procedure by Magistrate before whom such person arrested is brought
82Proclamation for person absconding84Proclamation for person absconding
83Attachment of property of person absconding85Attachment of property of person absconding
84Claims and objections to attachment87Claims and objections to attachment
85Release, sale and restoration of attached property88Release, sale and restoration of attached property
86Appeal from order rejecting application for restoration of attached property89Appeal from order rejecting application for restoration of attached property
87Issue of warrant in lieu of, or in addition to, summons90Issue of warrant in lieu of, or in addition to, summons
88Power to take bond for appearance91Power to take bond for appearance
89Arrest on breach of bond for appearance92Arrest on breach of bond for appearance
90Provisions of this Chapter generally applicable to summonses and warrants of arrest93Provisions of this Chapter generally applicable to summonses and warrants of arrest
91Summons to produce document or other thing94Summons to produce document or other thing
92Procedure as to letters and telegrams95Procedure as to letters and telegrams
93When search warrant may be issued96When search-warrant may be issued
94Search of place suspected to contain stolen property, forged documents, etc.97Search of place suspected to contain stolen property, forged documents, etc.
95Power to declare certain publications forfeited and to issue search warrants for the same98Power to declare certain publications forfeited and to issue search-warrants for the same
96Application to High Court to set aside declaration of forfeiture99Application to High Court to set aside declaration of forfeiture
97Search for persons wrongfully confined100Search for persons wrongfully confined
98Power to compel restoration of abducted females101Power to compel restoration of abducted females
99Direction, etc., of search warrants102Direction, etc., of search- warrants
100Persons in charge of closed place to allow search103Persons in charge of closed place to allow search
101Disposal of things found in search beyond jurisdiction104Disposal of things found in search beyond jurisdiction
—-—-105Recording of search and seizure through audio-video electronic means
102Power of Police Officer to seize certain property106Power of Police Officer to seize certain property
—-—-107Attachment, forfeiture and restoration of property
103Magistrate may direct search in his presence108Magistrate may direct search in his presence
104Power to impound document, etc., produced109Power to impound document, etc., produced
105Reciprocal arrangements regarding processes110Reciprocal arrangements regarding processes
105ADefinitions111Definitions
—–—–112Letter of request to competent authority for investigation in a country or place outside India
—–—–113Letter of request from a country or place outside India to a Court or an authority for investigation in India.
105BAssistance in securing transfer of persons114Assistance in securing transfer of persons
105CAssistance in relation to orders of attachment or forfeiture of property115Assistance in relation to orders of attachment or forfeiture of property
105DIdentifying unlawfully acquired property116Identifying unlawfully acquired property.
105ESeizure or attachment of property117Seizure or attachment of property
105FManagement of properties seized or forfeited under this Chapter118Management of properties seized or forfeited under this Chapter
105GNotice of forfeiture of property119Notice of forfeiture of property
105HForfeiture of property in certain cases120Forfeiture of property in certain cases
105-IFine in lieu of forfeiture121Fine in lieu of forfeiture
105JCertain transfers to be null and void122Certain transfers to be null and void
105KProcedure in respect of letter of request123Procedure in respect of letter of request
105LApplication of this Chapter124Application of this Chapter
106Security for keeping the peace on conviction125Security for keeping the peace on conviction
107Security for keeping the peace in other cases126Security for keeping the peace in other cases
108Security for good behaviour from persons disseminating seditious matters127Security for good behaviour from persons disseminating seditious matters
109Security for good behaviour from suspected persons128Security for good behaviour from suspected persons
110Security for good behaviour from habitual offenders129Security for good behaviour from habitual offenders
111Order to be made130Order to be made
112Procedure in respect of person present in Court131Procedure in respect of person present in Court
113Summons or warrant in case of person not so present132Summons or warrant in case of person not so present
114Copy of order to accompany summons or warrant133Copy of order to accompany summons or warrant
115Power to dispense with personal attendance134Power to dispense with personal attendance
116Inquiry as to truth of information135Inquiry as to truth of information
117Order to give security136Order to give security
118Discharge of person informed against137Discharge of person informed against
119Commencement of period for which security is required138Commencement of period for which security is required
120Contents of bond139Contents of bond
121Power to reject sureties140Power to reject sureties
122Imprisonment in default of security141Imprisonment in default of security
123Power to release persons imprisoned for failing to give security142Power to release persons imprisoned for failing to give security
124Security for unexpired period of bond143Security for unexpired period of bond
125Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents144Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents
126Procedure145Procedure
127Alteration in allowance146Alteration in allowance
128Enforcement of order of maintenance147Enforcement of order of maintenance
129Dispersal of assembly by use of civil force148Dispersal of assembly by use of civil force
130Use of armed forces to disperse assembly149Use of armed forces to disperse assembly
131Power of certain armed force officers to disperse assembly150Power of certain armed force officers to disperse assembly
132Protection against prosecution for acts done under preceding sections151Protection against prosecution for acts done under sections 148, 149 and 150
133Conditional order for removal of nuisance152Conditional order for removal of nuisance
134Service or notification of order153Service or notification of order
135Person to whom order is addressed to obey or show cause154Person to whom order is addressed to obey or show cause
136Consequences of his failing to do so155Consequences of his failing to do so
137Procedure where existence of public right is denied156Procedure where existence of public right is denied
138Procedure where he appears to show cause157Procedure where he appears to show cause
139Power of Magistrate to direct local investigation and examination of an expert158Power of Magistrate to direct local investigation and examination of an expert
140Power of Magistrate to furnish written instructions, etc.159Power of Magistrate to furnish written instructions, etc.
141Procedure on order being made absolute and consequences of disobedience160Procedure on order being made absolute and consequences of disobedience
142Injunction pending inquiry161Injunction pending inquiry
143Magistrate may prohibit repetition or continuance of public nuisance162Magistrate may prohibit repetition or continuance of public nuisance
144Power to issue order in urgent cases of nuisance or apprehended danger163Power to issue order in urgent cases of nuisance or apprehended danger
144APower to prohibit carrying arms in procession or mass drill or mass training with armsDeleted
145Procedure where dispute concerning land or water is likely to cause breach of peace164Procedure where dispute concerning land or water is likely to cause breach of peace
146Power to attach subject of dispute and to appoint receiver165Power to attach subject of dispute and to appoint receiver
147Dispute concerning right of use of land or water166Dispute concerning right of use of land or water
148Local inquiry167Local inquiry
149Police to prevent cognizable offences168Police to prevent cognizable offences
150Information of design to commit cognizable offences169Information of design to commit cognizable offences
151Arrest to prevent the commission of cognizable offences170Arrest to prevent the commission of cognizable offences
152Prevention of injury to public property171Prevention of injury to public property
—-—-172Persons bound to confirm to lawful directions of Police
153Inspection of weights and measuresDeleted
154Information in cognizable cases173Information in cognizable cases
155Information as to non- cognizable cases and investigation of such cases174Information as to non- cognizable cases and investigation of such cases
156Police officer’s power to investigate cognizable cases175Police officer’s power to investigate cognizable case
157Procedure for investigation176Procedure for investigation
158Report how submitted177Report how submitted
159Power to hold investigation or preliminary inquiry178Power to hold investigation or preliminary inquiry
160Police officer’s power to require attendance of witnesses179Police officer’s power to require attendance of witnesses
161Examination of witnesses by police180Examination of witnesses by police
162Statements to police not to be signed – Use of statements in evidence181Statements to police not to be signed: Use of statements in evidence
163No inducement to be offered182No inducement to be offered
164Recording of confessions and statements183Recording of confessions and statements
164AMedical examination of the victim of rape184Medical examination of the victim of rape
165Search by police officer185Search by police officer
166When officer in charge of police station may require another to issue search warrant186When officer in charge of police station may require another to issue search-warrant
166ALetter of request to competent authority for investigation in a country or place outside IndiaDeleted
166BLetter of request from a country or place outside India to a Court or an authority for investigation in IndiaDeleted
167Procedure when investigation cannot be completed in twenty- four hours187Procedure when investigation cannot be completed in twenty- four hours
168Report of investigation by subordinate police officer188Report of investigation by subordinate police officer
169Release of accused when evidence deficient189Release of accused when evidence deficient
170Cases to be sent to Magistrate when evidence is sufficient190Cases to be sent to Magistrate, when evidence is sufficient
171Complainant and witnesses not to be required to accompany police officer and not to be subjected to restraint191Complainant and witnesses not to be required to accompany police officer and not to be subjected to restraint
172Diary of proceedings in investigation192Diary of proceedings in investigation
173Report of police officer on completion of investigation193Report of police officer on completion of investigation
174Police to enquire and report on suicide, etc.194Police to enquire and report on suicide, etc.
175Power to summon persons195Power to summon persons
176Inquiry by Magistrate into cause of death196Inquiry by Magistrate into cause of death
177Ordinary place of inquiry and trial197Ordinary place of inquiry and trial
178Place of inquiry or trial198Place of inquiry or trial
179Offence triable where act is done or consequence ensues199Offence triable where act is done or consequence ensues
180Place of trial where act is an offence by reason of relation to other offence200Place of trial where act is an offence by reason of relation to other offence
181Place of trial in case of certain offences201Place of trial in case of certain offences
182Offences committed by letters, etc.202Offences committed by means of electronic communications, letters, etc.
183Offence committed on journey or voyage203Offence committed on journey or voyage
184Place of trial for offences triable together204Place of trial for offences triable together
185Power to order cases to be tried in different sessions divisions205Power to order cases to be tried in different sessions divisions
186High Court to decide, in case of doubt, district where inquiry or trial shall take place206High Court to decide, in case of doubt, district where inquiry or trial shall take place
187Power to issue summons or warrant for offence committed beyond local jurisdiction207Power to issue summons or warrant for offence committed beyond local jurisdiction
188Offence committed outside India208Offence committed outside India
189Receipt of evidence relating to offences committed outside India209Receipt of evidence relating to offences committed outside India
190Cognizance of offences by Magistrates210Cognizance of offences by Magistrates
191Transfer on application of the accused211Transfer on application of the accused
192Making over of cases to Magistrates212Making over of cases to Magistrates
193Cognizance of offences by Courts of Session213Cognizance of offences by Courts of Session
194Additional and Assistant Sessions Judges to try cases made over to them214Additional Sessions Judges to try cases made over to them
195Prosecution for contempt of lawful authority of public servants, for offences against public justice and for offences relating to documents given in evidence215Prosecution for contempt of lawful authority of public servants, for offences against public justice and for offences relating to documents given in evidence
195AProcedure for witnesses in case of threatening, etc.216Procedure for witnesses in case of threatening, etc.
196Prosecution for offences against the State and for criminal conspiracy to commit such offence217Prosecution for offences against the State and for criminal conspiracy to commit such offence
197Prosecution of Judges and public servants218Prosecution of Judges and public servants
198Prosecution for offences against marriage219Prosecution for offences against marriage
198AProsecution of offences under section 498A of the Indian Penal Code220Prosecution of offences under section 498A of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
198BCognizance of offence221Cognizance of offence
199Prosecution for defamation222Prosecution for defamation
200Examination of complainant223Examination of complainant
201Procedure by Magistrate not competent to take cognizance of the case224Procedure by Magistrate not competent to take cognizance of the case
202Postponement of issue of process225Postponement of issue of process
203Dismissal of complaint226Dismissal of complaint
204Issue of process227Issue of process
205Magistrate may dispense with personal attendance of accused228Magistrate may dispense with personal attendance of accused
206Special summons in cases of petty offence229Special summons in cases of petty offence
207Supply to the accused of copy of police report and other documents230Supply to the accused of copy of police report and other documents
208Supply of copies of statements and documents to accused in other cases triable by court of session231Supply of copies of statements and documents to accused in other cases triable by Court of Session
209Commitment of case to Court of Session when offence is triable exclusively by it232Commitment of case to Court of Session when offence is triable exclusively by it
210Procedure to be followed when there is a complaint case and police investigation in respect of the same offence233Procedure to be followed when there is a complaint case and police investigation in respect of the same offence
211Contents of charge234Contents of charge
212Particulars as to time, place and person235Particulars as to time, place and person
213When manner of committing offence must be stated236When manner of committing offence must be stated
214Words in charge taken in sense of law under which offence is punishable237Words in charge taken in sense of law under which offence is punishable
215Effect of errors238Effect of errors
216Court may alter charge239Court may alter charge
217Recall of witnesses when charge altered240Recall of witnesses when charge altered
218Separate charges for distinct offences241Separate charges for distinct offences
219Three offences of same kind within year may be charged together242Offences of same kind within year may be charged together
220Trial for more than one offence243Trial for more than one offence
221Where it is doubtful what offence has been committed244Where it is doubtful what offence has been committed
222When offence proved included in offence charged245When offence proved included in offence charged
223What persons may be charged jointly246What persons may be charged jointly
224Withdrawal of remaining charges on conviction on one of several charges247Withdrawal of remaining charges on conviction on one of several charges
225Trial to be conducted by Public Prosecutor248Trial to be conducted by Public Prosecutor
226Opening case for prosecution249Opening case for prosecution
227Discharge250Discharge
228Framing of charge251Framing of charge
229Conviction on plea of guilty252Conviction on plea of guilty
230Date for prosecution evidence253Date for prosecution evidence
231Evidence for prosecution254Evidence for prosecution
232Acquittal255Acquittal
233Entering upon defence256Entering upon defence
234Arguments257Arguments
235Judgment of acquittal or conviction258Judgment of acquittal or conviction
236Previous conviction259Previous conviction
237Procedure in cases instituted under section 199(2)260Procedure in cases instituted under section 223(1)
238Compliance with section 207261Compliance with section 231
239When accused shall be discharged262When accused shall be discharged
240Framing of charge263Framing of charge
241Conviction on plea of guilty264Conviction on plea of guilty
242Evidence for prosecution265Evidence for prosecution
243Evidence for defence266Evidence for defence
244Evidence for prosecution267Evidence for prosecution
245When accused shall be discharged268When accused shall be discharged
246Procedure where accused is not discharged269Procedure where accused is not discharged
247Evidence for defence270Evidence for defence
248Acquittal or conviction271Acquittal or conviction
249Absence of complainant272Absence of complainant
250Compensation for accusation without reasonable cause273Compensation for accusation without reasonable cause
251Substance of accusation to be stated274Substance of accusation to be stated
252Conviction on plea of guilty275Conviction on plea of guilty
253Conviction on plea of guilty in absence of accused in petty cases276Conviction on plea of guilty in absence of accused in petty cases
254Procedure when not convicted277Procedure when not convicted
255Acquittal or conviction278Acquittal or conviction
256Non-appearance or death of complainant279Non-appearance or death of complainant
257Withdrawal of complaint280Withdrawal of complaint
258Power to stop proceedings in certain cases281Power to stop proceedings in certain cases
259Power of Court to convert summons-cases into warrant- cases282Power of Court to convert summons-cases into warrant- cases
260Power to try summarily283Power to try summarily
261Summary trial by Magistrate of the second class284Summary trial by Magistrate of the second class
262Procedure for summary trials285Procedure for summary trials
263Record in summary trials286Record in summary trials
264Judgment in cases tried summarily287Judgment in cases tried summarily
265Language of record and judgment288Language of record and judgment
265AApplication of the Chapter289Application of the Chapter
265BApplication for plea bargaining290Application for plea bargaining
265CGuidelines for mutually satisfactory disposition291Guidelines for mutually satisfactory disposition
265DReport of the mutually satisfactory disposition to be submitted before the Court292Report of the mutually satisfactory disposition to be submitted before the Court
265EDisposal of the case293Disposal of the case
265FJudgment of the Court294Judgment of the Court
265GFinality of the judgment295Finality of the judgment
265HPower of the Court in plea bargaining296Power of the Court in plea bargaining
265-IPeriod of detention undergone by the accused to be set off against the sentence of imprisonment297Period of detention undergone by the accused to be set off against the sentence of imprisonment
265JSavings298Savings
265KStatements of accused not to be used299Statements of accused not to be used
265LNon-application of the Chapter300Non-application of the Chapter
266Definitions301Definition
267Power to require attendance of prisoners302Power to require attendance of prisoners
268Power of State Government to exclude certain persons from operation of section 267303Power of State Government or Central Government to exclude certain persons from operation of section 302
269Officer-in-charge of prison to abstain from carrying out order in certain contingencies304Officer in charge of prison to abstain from carrying out order in certain contingencies
270Prisoner to be brought to Court in custody305Prisoner to be brought to Court in custody
271Power to issue commission for examination of witness in prison306Power to issue commission for examination of witness in prison
272Language of Courts307Language of Courts
273Evidence to be taken in presence of accused308Evidence to be taken in presence of accused
274Record in summons-cases and inquiries309Record in summons-cases and inquiries
275Record in warrant-cases310Record in warrant-cases
276Record in trial before Court of Session311Record in trial before Court of Session
277Language of record of evidence312Language of record of evidence
278Procedure in regard to such evidence when completed313Procedure in regard to such evidence when completed
279Interpretation of evidence to accused or his pleader314Interpretation of evidence to accused or his pleader
280Remarks respecting demeanour of witness315Remarks respecting demeanour of witness
281Record of examination of accused316Record of examination of accused
282Interpreter to be bound to interpret truthfully317Interpreter to be bound to interpret truthfully
283Record in High Court318Record in High Court
284When attendance of witness may be dispensed with and commission issued319When attendance of witness may be dispensed with and commission issued
285Commission to whom to be issued320Commission to whom to be issued
286Execution of commissions321Execution of commissions
287Parties may examine witnesses322Parties may examine witnesses
288Return of commission323Return of commission
289Adjournment of proceeding324Adjournment of proceeding
290Execution of foreign commissions325Execution of foreign commissions
291Deposition of medical witness326Deposition of medical witness
291
A
Identification report of Magistrate327Identification report of Magistrate
292Evidence of officers of the Mint328Evidence of officers of the Mint
293Reports of certain Government scientific experts329Reports of certain Government scientific experts
294No formal proof of certain documents330No formal proof of certain documents
295Affidavit in proof of conduct of public servants331Affidavit in proof of conduct of public servants
296Evidence of formal character on affidavit332Evidence of formal character on affidavit
297Authorities before whom affidavits may be sworn333Authorities before whom affidavits may be sworn
298Previous conviction or acquittal how proved334Previous conviction or acquittal how proved
299Record of evidence in absence of accused335Record of evidence in absence of accused
—–—–336Evidence of public servants, experts, police officers in certain cases
300Person once convicted or acquitted not to be tried for same offence337Person once convicted or acquitted not to be tried for same offence
301Appearance by Public Prosecutors338Appearance by Public Prosecutors
302Permission to conduct prosecution339Permission to conduct prosecution
303Right of person against whom proceedings are instituted to be defended340Right of person against whom proceedings are instituted to be defended
304Legal aid to accused at State expense in certain cases341Legal aid to accused at State expense in certain cases
305Procedure when corporation or registered society is an accused342Procedure when corporation or registered society is an accused
306Tender of pardon to accomplice343Tender of pardon to accomplice
307Power to direct tender of pardon344Power to direct tender of pardon
308Trial of person not complying with conditions of pardon345Trial of person not complying with conditions of pardon
309Power to postpone or adjourn proceedings346Power to postpone or adjourn proceedings
310Local inspection347Local inspection
311Power to summon material witness, or examine person present348Power to summon material witness, or examine person present
311
A
Power of Magistrate to order person to give specimen signatures or handwriting349Power of Magistrate to order person to give specimen signatures or handwriting
312Expenses of complainants and witnesses350Expenses of complainants and witnesses
313Power to examine the accused351Power to examine the accused
314Oral arguments and memorandum of arguments352Oral arguments and memorandum of arguments
315Accused person to be competent witness353Accused person to be competent witness
316No influence to be used to induce disclosure354No influence to be used to induce disclosure
317Provision for inquiries and trial being held in the absence of accused in certain cases355Provision for inquiries and trial being held in the absence of accused in certain cases
—–—–356Inquiry, trial or judgment in absentia of proclaimed offender
318Procedure where accused does not understand proceedings357Procedure where accused does not understand proceedings
319Power to proceed against other persons appearing to be guilty of offence358Power to proceed against other persons appearing to be guilty of offence
320Compounding of offences359Compounding of offences
321Withdrawal from prosecution360Withdrawal from prosecution
322Procedure in cases which Magistrate cannot dispose of361Procedure in cases which Magistrate cannot dispose of
323Procedure when, after commencement of inquiry or trial, Magistrate finds case should be committed362Procedure when, after commencement of inquiry or trial, Magistrate finds case should be committed
324Trial of persons previously convicted of offences against coinage, stamp-law or property363Trial of persons previously convicted of offences against coinage, stamp-law or property
325Procedure when Magistrate cannot pass sentence sufficiently severe364Procedure when Magistrate cannot pass sentence sufficiently severe
326Conviction or commitment on evidence partly recorded by one Magistrate and partly by another365Conviction or commitment on evidence partly recorded by one Magistrate and partly by another
327Court to be open366Court to be open
328Procedure in case of accused being lunatic367Procedure in case of accused being person with mental illness
329Procedure in case of person of unsound mind tried before Court368Procedure in case of person with mental illness tried before Court
330Release of person of unsound mind pending investigation or trial369Release of person with mental illness pending investigation or trial
331Resumption of inquiry or trial370Resumption of inquiry or trial
332Procedure on accused appearing before Magistrate or Court371Procedure on accused appearing before Magistrate or Court
333When accused appears to have been of sound mind372When accused appears to have been of sound mind
334Judgment of acquittal on ground of unsoundness of mind373Judgment of acquittal on ground of mental illness
335Person acquitted on such ground to be detained in safe custody374Person acquitted on such ground to be detained in safe custody
336Power of State Government to empower officer-in-charge to discharge375Power of State Government to empower officer-in-charge to discharge
337Procedure where lunatic prisoner is reported capable of making his defence376Procedure where prisoner with mental illness is reported capable of making his defence
338Procedure where lunatic detained is declared fit to be released377Procedure where person with mental illness detained is declared fit to be released
339Delivery of lunatic to care of relative or friend378Delivery of person with mental liabilities to care of relative or friend
340Procedure in cases mentioned in section 195379Procedure in cases mentioned in section 215
341Appeal380Appeal
342Power to order costs381Power to order costs
343Procedure of Magistrate taking cognizance382Procedure of Magistrate taking cognizance
344Summary procedure for trial for giving false evidence383Summary procedure for trial for giving false evidence
345Procedure in certain cases of contempt384Procedure in certain cases of contempt
346Procedure where Court considers that case should not be dealt with under section 345385Procedure where Court considers that case should not be dealt with under section 384
347When Registrar or Sub- Registrar to be deemed a Civil Court386When Registrar or Sub- Registrar to be deemed a Civil Court
348Discharge of offender on submission of apology387Discharge of offender on submission of apology
349Imprisonment or committal of person refusing to answer or produce document388Imprisonment or committal of person refusing to answer or produce document
350Summary procedure for punishment for non-attendance by a witness in obedience to summons389Summary procedure for punishment for non-attendance by a witness in obedience to summons
351Appeals from convictions under sections 344, 345, 349 and 350390Appeals from convictions under sections 383, 384, 388 and 389
352Certain Judges and Magistrates not to try certain offences when committed before themselves391Certain Judges and Magistrates not to try certain offences when committed before themselves
353Judgment392Judgment
354Language and contents of judgment393Language and contents of judgment
355Metropolitan Magistrate’s judgmentDeleted
356Order for notifying address of previously convicted offender394Order for notifying address of previously convicted offender
357Order to pay compensation395Order to pay compensation
357AVictim compensation scheme396Victim compensation scheme
357BCompensation to be in addition to fine under section 326A or section 376D of Indian Penal CodeDeleted
357CTreatment of victims397Treatment of victims
—–—–398Witness Protection Scheme
358Compensation to persons groundlessly arrested399Compensation to persons groundlessly arrested
359Order to pay costs in non- cognizable cases400Order to pay costs in non- cognizable cases
360Order to release on probation of good conduct or after admonition401Order to release on probation of good conduct or after admonition
361Special reasons to be recorded in certain cases402Special reasons to be recorded in certain cases
362Court not to alter judgment403Court not to alter judgment
363Copy of judgment to be given to the accused and other persons404Copy of judgment to be given to the accused and other persons
364Judgment when to be translated405Judgment when to be translated
365Court of Session to send copy of finding and sentence to District Magistrate406Court of Session to send copy of finding and sentence to District Magistrate
366Sentence of death to be submitted by Court of Session for confirmation407Sentence of death to be submitted by Court of Session for confirmation
367Power to direct further inquiry to be made or additional evidence to be taken408Power to direct further inquiry to be made or additional evidence to be taken
368Power of High Court to confirm sentence or annul conviction409Power of High Court to confirm sentence or annul conviction
369Confirmation or new sentence to be signed by two Judges410Confirmation or new sentence to be signed by two Judges
370Procedure in case of difference of opinion411Procedure in case of difference of opinion
371Procedure in cases submitted to High Court for confirmation412Procedure in cases submitted to High Court for confirmation
372No appeal to lie unless otherwise provided413No appeal to lie unless otherwise provided
373Appeal from orders requiring security or refusal to accept or rejecting surety for keeping peace or good behaviour414Appeal from orders requiring security or refusal to accept or rejecting surety for keeping peace or good behaviour
374Appeals from convictions415Appeals from convictions
375No appeal in certain cases when accused pleads guilty416No appeal in certain cases when accused pleads guilty
376No appeal in petty cases417No appeal in petty cases
377Appeal by the State Government against sentence418Appeal by the State Government against sentence
378Appeal in case of acquittal419Appeal in case of acquittal
379Appeal against conviction by High Court in certain cases420Appeal against conviction by High Court in certain cases
380Special right of appeal in certain cases421Special right of appeal in certain cases
381Appeal to Court of Session how heard422Appeal to Court of Session how heard
382Petition of appeal423Petition of appeal
383Procedure when appellant in jail424Procedure when appellant in jail
384Summary dismissal of appeal425Summary dismissal of appeal
385Procedure for hearing appeals not dismissed summarily426Procedure for hearing appeals not dismissed summarily
386Powers of the Appellate Court427Powers of the Appellate Court
387Judgments of subordinate Appellate Court428Judgments of Subordinate Appellate Court
388Order of High Court on appeal to be certified to lower Court429Order of High Court on appeal to be certified to lower Court
389Suspension of sentence pending the appeal; release of appellant on bail430Suspension of sentence pending the appeal; release of appellant on bail
390Arrest of accused in appeal from acquittal431Arrest of accused in appeal from acquittal
391Appellate Court may take further evidence or direct it to be taken432Appellate Court may take further evidence or direct it to be taken
392Procedure where Judges of Court of Appeal are equally divided433Procedure where Judges of Court of Appeal are equally divided
393Finality of judgments and orders on appeal434Finality of judgments and orders on appeal
394Abatement of appeals435Abatement of appeals
395Reference to High Court436Reference to High Court
396Disposal of case according to decision of High Court437Disposal of case according to decision of High Court
397Calling for records to exercise powers of revision438Calling for records to exercise powers of revision
398Power to order inquiry439Power to order inquiry
399Sessions Judge’s powers of revision440Sessions Judge’s powers of revision
400Power of Additional Sessions Judge441Power of Additional Sessions Judge
401High Court’s powers of revision442High Court’s powers of revision
402Power of High Court to withdraw or transfer revision cases443Power of High Court to withdraw or transfer revision cases
403Option of Court to hear parties444Option of Court to hear parties
404Statement by Metropolitan Magistrate of grounds of his decision to be considered by High Court—–Deleted
405High Court’s order to be certified to lower Court445High Court’s order to be certified to lower Court.
406Power of Supreme Court to transfer cases and appeals446Power of Supreme Court to transfer cases and appeals
407Power of High Court to transfer cases and appeals447Power of High Court to transfer cases and appeals
408Power of Sessions Judge to transfer cases and appeals448Power of Sessions Judge to transfer cases and appeals
409Withdrawal of cases and appeals by Sessions Judges449Withdrawal of cases and appeals by Session Judge
410Withdrawal of cases by Judicial Magistrates450Withdrawal of cases by Judicial Magistrate
411Making over or withdrawal of cases by Executive Magistrates451Making over or withdrawal of cases by Executive Magistrates
412Reasons to be recorded452Reasons to be recorded
413Execution of order passed under section 368453Execution of order passed under section 409
414Execution of sentence of death passed by High Court454Execution of sentence of death passed by High Court
415Postponement of execution of sentence of death in case of appeal to Supreme Court455Postponement of execution of sentence of death in case of appeal to Supreme Court
416Postponement of capital sentence on pregnant woman456Commutation of sentence of death on pregnant woman
417Power to appoint place of imprisonment457Power to appoint place of imprisonment
418Execution of sentence of imprisonment458Execution of sentence of imprisonment
419Direction of warrant for execution459Direction of warrant for execution
420Warrant with whom to be lodged460Warrant with whom to be lodged
421Warrant for levy of fine461Warrant for levy of fine
422Effect of such warrant462Effect of such warrant
423Warrant for levy of fine issued by a Court in any territory to which this Code does not extend463Warrant for levy of fine issued by a Court in any territory to which this Sanhita does not extend
424Suspension of execution of sentence of imprisonment464Suspension of execution of sentence of imprisonment
425Who may issue warrant465Who may issue warrant
426Sentence on escaped convict when to take effect466Sentence on escaped convict when to take effect
427Sentence on offender already sentenced for another offence467Sentence on offender already sentenced for another offence
428Period of detention undergone by the accused to be set off against the sentence of imprisonment468Period of detention undergone by the accused to be set off against the sentence of imprisonment
429Saving469Saving
430Return of warrant on execution of sentence470Return of warrant on execution of sentence
431Money ordered to be paid recoverable as a fine471Money ordered to be paid recoverable as a fine
—-—–472Mercy Petition in death sentence cases
432Power to suspend or remit sentences473Power to suspend or remit sentences
433Power to commute sentence474Power to commute sentence
433ARestriction on powers of remission or commutation in certain cases475Restriction on powers of remission or commutation in certain cases
434Concurrent power of Central Government in case of death sentences476Concurrent power of Central Government in case of death sentences
435State Government to act after consultation with Central Government in certain cases477State Government to act after concurrence with Central Government in certain cases
436In what cases bail to be taken478In what cases bail to be taken
436AMaximum period for which an under-trial prisoner can be detained479Maximum period for which an under-trial prisoner can be detained
437When bail may be taken in case of non-bailable offence480When bail may be taken in case of non-bailable offence
437ABail to require accused to appear before next Appellate Court481Bail to require accused to appear before next appellate Court
438Direction for grant of bail to person apprehending arrest482Direction for grant of bail to person apprehending arrest
439Special powers of High Court or Court of Session regarding bail483Special powers of High Court or Court of Session regarding bail
440Amount of bond and reduction thereof484Amount of bond and reduction thereof
441Bond of accused and sureties485Bond of accused and sureties
441ADeclaration by sureties486Declaration by sureties
442Discharge from custody487Discharge from custody
443Power to order sufficient bail when that first taken is insufficient488Power to order sufficient bail when that first taken is insufficient
444Discharge of sureties489Discharge of sureties
445Deposit instead of recognizance490Deposit instead of recognizance
446Procedure when bond has been forfeited491Procedure when bond has been forfeited
446ACancellation of bond and bail- bond492Cancellation of bond and bail bond
447Procedure in case of insolvency or death of surety or when a bond is forfeited493Procedure in case of insolvency of death of surety or when a bond is forfeited
448Bond required from minor494Bond required from minor
449Appeal from orders under section 446495Appeal from orders under section 491
450Power to direct levy of amount due on certain recognizances496Power to direct levy of amount due on certain recognizances
451Order for custody and disposal of property pending trial in certain cases497Order for custody and disposal of property pending trial in certain cases
452Order for disposal of property at conclusion of trial498Order for disposal of property at conclusion of trial
453Payment to innocent purchaser of money found on accused499Payment to innocent purchaser of money found on accused
454Appeal against orders under section 452 or section 453500Appeal against orders under section 500 or section 501
455Destruction of libellous and501Destruction of libellous and other
other mattermatter
456Power to restore possession of immovable property502Power to restore possession of immovable property
457Procedure by police upon seizure of property503Procedure by police upon seizure of property
458Procedure where no claimant appears within six months504Procedure where no claimant appears within six months
459Power to sell perishable property505Power to sell perishable property
460Irregularities which do not vitiate proceedings506Irregularities which do not vitiate proceedings
461Irregularities which vitiate proceedings507Irregularities which vitiate proceedings
462Proceedings in wrong place508Proceedings in wrong place
463Non-compliance with provisions of section 164 or section 281509Non-compliance with provisions of section 183 or section 316
464Effect of omission to frame, or absence of, or error in, charge510Effect of omission to frame, or absence of, or error in, charge
465Finding or sentence when reversible by reason of error, omission or irregularity511Finding or sentence when reversible by reason of error, omission or irregularity
466Defect or error not to make attachment unlawful512Defect or error not to make attachment unlawful
467Definitions513Definitions
468Bar to taking cognizance after514Bar to taking cognizance after
lapse of the period of limitationlapse of the period of limitation
469Commencement of the period of limitation515Commencement of the period of limitation
470Exclusion of time in certain cases516Exclusion of time in certain cases
471Exclusion of date on which Court is closed517Exclusion of date on which Court is closed
472Continuing offence518Continuing offence
473Extension of period of limitation in certain cases519Extension of period of limitation in certain cases
474Trials before High Courts520Trials before High Courts
475Delivery to commanding officers of persons liable to be tried by Court- martial521Delivery to commanding officers of persons liable to be tried by Court- martial
476Forms522Forms
477Power of High Court to make rules523Power of High Court to make rules
478Power to alter functions allotted to Executive Magistrates in certain cases524Power to alter functions allocated to Executive Magistrate in certain cases
479Cases in which Judge or Magistrate is personally interested525Case in which Judge or Magistrate is personally interested
480Practising pleader not to sit as Magistrate in certain Courts526Practicing advocate not to sit as Magistrate in certain Courts
481Public servant concerned in sale not to purchase or bid for property527Public servant concerned in sale not to purchase or bid for property
482Saving of inherent powers of High Court528Saving of inherent powers of High Court
483Duty of High Court to exercise continuous superintendence over Courts of Judicial Magistrates529Duty of High Court to exercise continuous superintendence over Courts
484Repeal and savings530Trial and proceedings to be held in electronic mode.
—-—–531Repeal and Savings

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